Thinking

Cognition-another term if thinking knowing and remembering 

Does the way we think really matter?

Maybe by studying think better

In order ti think about the word we form 

A mental grouping of similar objects events ideas it people we base our concepts on Proto type same mental image or best example of a category 

If a new job object is similar to our prototype we are better able to recognize it

How we solve problems?

Trial and Error

Algorithms

A methodical logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem

What are the benefits and detriments of algortihms

Heuristics 

A rule of thumb strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently a shortcut that can be prone to errors

Insight

A sudden and often all the realization of the solution to a problem no real strategy involved

Obstacles to problem solving

Confirmation bias the tendency to search for information that confirms one's preconceptions

Match problem

Can you arrange these six matches into four equilateral triangles

Match problem

Fixation-The inability to see a problem from my perspective

Mental set is a tendency to approach a problem in a particular way especially if it has worked in the past may or may not be a good thung

Functional Fixedness

The tendency to think of things only in terms of the usual functions

Types of Heuristics (that often led to errors)

Representativeness heuristic

It will lift him for judging likelihood of things in terms of how well they match our prototype can cause us to ignore important for nation

Availability heuristic

Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in our memory if it comes to mind easily and maybe a vivid is that we presume it is common

Over confidence 

The tendency to be more confident than correct to overestimate the accuracy of your beliefs and judgments

Framing is the weight and issue is posed it can have drastic effects on your decisions and judgments

Believe bias

Democrats support free-speech dictators are not Democrats conclusion dictators do not support free-speech the tendency for once pre-existing beliefs to distort logical reasoning sometimes making in valid conclusions valid or vice versa

Believe perseverance clinging to your initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discrete discredited

Artificial intelligence

Intelligence what makes us intelligent or not so intelligent

Intelligence the ability to learn from experience solve problems and use knowledge to adapt to new situations socially constructed that's can be culturally specific

This intelligence one thing or several different abilities

To find a scientist use factor analysis a statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items on a test

Charles Spearman used if a discovery his G or general intelligence

Multiple intelligences Howard Gardner disagreed with Spearmans g and instead came up with the concept of multiple intelligences

He came up with the idea by studying seventh a condition where a person has limited mental ability but is exceptional in one area

Gardners multiple intelligences visual spatial verbal linguist stick logical mathematical model he can miss that it can musical with medic interpersonal intrapersonal natural

Sternberg's three aspects of intelligence

Gardener simplified 

Analytical academic problem-solving

Creative generating novel ideas

Practical required for every day tasks were multiple solutions exist

Emotional intelligence first called social intelligence the ability to perceive express understanding regulate emotions some studies so EQ to be a greater predicted for future success than I Q

Brain size and intelligence is there a link small +.15 correlation between head size and intelligence scores relative to body size using an MRI we found +.44 correlation with brain size of an IQ score

Brain function and intelligence higher performing brains use less active than lower performing Brent use less glucose

Neurological speed is also a bit quicker

How do we access intelligence

I'll Alfred bennet and Theodore salmon set out to figure out a concept called a mental age what a person of a particular age should know

They discovered that by discovering someone's mental age they can predict future performances hope to they could use tests to help children not labeled

Terminate his IQ test a eight-year-old has a mental age of 10 but what is her IQ

A 12-year-old has the mental age of nine what is his IQ

A boy has a mental age of 10 and an IQ of 200 how ild is he

Used Bennetts research to construct the modern-day IQ test called the Stanford Bennett test

I Q equals mental age/chronological age times 100

Problems with IQ formula

It does not really work well on adults why if a 60-year-old man does as well as an average 30-year-old then his IQ would be 50 that makes no sense

Modern tests of mental abilities

Wechsler Adult intellegence Scale 

Consist of 11 subtests and cues as us into strength by using factor analysis

Aptitude versus achievement tests

Aptitude a test designed to protect a person's future performance the ability for that person to learn

Achievement a test designed to assess what a person has learned

How do we construct intelligence test test must be standardized to reliable and valid

Standardization

The test must be pretested to a representative sample of people and for my normal distribution or bell curve

Reliability the extent to which a test yields consistent results over time split have score test three test method

Validity the extent to which a test measures what is supposed to measure content validated he does it the test sample a behavior or interest

Predictive value T does the test predict future behavior

Does intelligence change over time by age 3 a child IQ can predict a docent IQ scores depends on the type of intelligence crystallized or fluid

Extremes of intelligence

Group differences in intelligence test scores the bell curve is different for white versus black math scores are different across genders and the highest scores are for Asian males why nature or  nurture

Test biased?

Tests do discriminate but some argue that their sole purpose is to discriminate we have to look at the type of discrimination